![]() ![]() Further, we found no evidence that siblings consistently receive the same microbes from their parents, nor that vertically transmitted microbes show high degrees of host species fidelity. Contrary to the hypothesis that vertical transmission is an adaptation that allows sponges to faithfully transmit intact microbial consortia to offspring, we found that vertical transmission is weak and incomplete. Here, we test these ideas for the first time in multiple host species with highly diverse microbiota, leveraging known-parent offspring pairs sampled from eight species of wild marine sponges (Porifera). More recently, the hologenome theory of evolution predicts resemblance between parent and offspring microbiomes, and high partner fidelity between host species and their vertically transmitted microbes. Classic evolutionary theory predicts that if beneficial microbial symbionts improve host fitness, they should be faithfully transmitted to offspring.
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